Biography of Thomas Jennings, Invented Dry-Cleaning

Biography of Thomas Jennings, Invented Dry-Cleaning Thomas Jennings (1791–Feb. 12, 1856), a free-born African-American and New Yorker who became a leader of the abolitionist movement, made his fortune as the inventor of a dry-cleaning process called â€Å"dry scouring.† Jennings was 30 years old when he received his patent on March 3, 1821 (U.S. patent 3306x), becoming the first African-American inventor to own the rights to his invention. Fast Facts: Thomas Jennings Known For: First African-American to be granted a patentAlso Known As: Thomas L. JenningsBorn: 1791 in  New York CityDied: Feb. 12, 1856 in  New York CitySpouse: ElizabethChildren: Matilda, Elizabeth, James E.Notable Quote: Among the leading matters which would occupy the attention of the meeting, were several important documents lately received from Europe, expressive of the sentiments that a very considerable portion of the people of the British Empire entertained respecting the deplorable situation of the colored people in the United States. Early Life and Career Jennings was born in 1791 in New York City.  He started his career as a tailor and eventually opened one of New York’s leading clothing shops. Inspired by frequent requests for cleaning advice, he began researching cleaning solutions. Jennings found that many of his customers were unhappy when their clothing became soiled. However, because of the material used to make the garments, conventional methods at the time were ineffective in cleaning them. Invents Dry Cleaning Jennings began experimenting with different solutions and cleaning agents. He tested them on various fabrics until he found the right combination to treat and clean them. He called his method â€Å"dry-scouring,† a process now known as dry cleaning. Jennings filed for a patent in 1820 and was granted a patent for the dry-scouring (dry cleaning) process he had invented just a year later.  Tragically, the original patent was lost in a fire. But by then, Jennings process of using solvents to clean clothes was well-known and widely heralded. Jennings spent the first money he earned from his patent on legal fees to buy his family out of slavery. After that, most of his income went to his abolitionist activities. In 1831, Jennings became assistant secretary for the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in Philadelphia. Legal Issues Luckily for Jennings, he filed his patent at the right time. Under the United States patent laws of 1793 and 1836, both slaves and free citizens could patent their inventions. However, in 1857, a slave-owner named Oscar Stuart patented a double cotton scraper that was invented by his slave. Historical records only show the real inventors name as being Ned. Stuarts reasoning for his action was that the master is the owner of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual. In 1858, the U.S. patent office changed its patent regulations in response to a Supreme Court case related to Stuarts patent called Oscar Stuart v. Ned. The court ruled in favor of Stuart, noting that slaves were not citizens and could not be granted patents. But surprisingly, in 1861, the Confederate States of America passed a law granting patent rights to slaves. In 1870, the U.S. government passed a patent law giving all American men including blacks the rights to their inventions. Later Years and Death Jennings daughter, Elizabeth, an activist like her father, was the plaintiff in a landmark lawsuit after being thrown off a New York City streetcar while on the way to church. With support from her father, Elizabeth sued the Third Avenue Railroad Company for discrimination and won her case in 1855. The day after the verdict, the company ordered its cars desegregated. After the incident, Jennings organized a movement against racial segregation in public transit in the city; the services were provided by private companies. The same year, Jennings was one of the founders of the Legal Rights Association, a group that organized challenges to discrimination and segregation and gained legal representation to take cases to court. Jennings died just a few years later in 1859, which was itself just a few years before the practiced he so reviled- slavery- was abolished. Legacy A decade after Elizabeth Jennings won her case, all New York City streetcar companies stopped practicing segregation. Jennings and his daughter had a hand the effort to desegregate public facilities, a movement that lasted well into the Civil Rights Era a century later. Indeed, civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s 1963 I Have a Dream speech in Washington, D.C., echoed many of the convictions that Jennings and his daughter had expressed and fought for 100 years before. And the dry-scouring process Jennings invented is essentially the same method used by dry cleaning businesses worldwide to this day. Sources Chamberlain, Gaius. â€Å"Thomas Jennings.†Ã‚  The Black Inventor Online Museum, Gaius Chamberlain.â€Å"Thomas Jennings.†Ã‚  Ms. Darbus: Well Call It, Senior Year! Sharpay Evans: [Sarcastically] Genius., quotes.net.Volk, Kyle G. Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. Oxford University Press, New York.

Installing MySQL on a Mac Is Easier Than You Think

Installing MySQL on a Mac Is Easier Than You Think Oracles MySQL is a popular open-source relational database management system that is based on Structured Query Language (SQL). It is frequently  used in conjunction with PHP to enhance the capabilities of websites. PHP comes preloaded onto Mac computers, but MySQL does not. When you create and test software or websites that require a MySQL database, it is handy to have MySQL installed on your computer. Installing MySQL on a Mac is easier than you might expect, particularly if you use the native installation package instead of the TAR package, which requires access and changes to the command line in Terminal mode. Installing MySQL Using the Native Installation Package The free download for the Mac is the MySQL Community Server edition. Go to the MySQL website  and download the latest version of MySQL for MacOS.  Select the native package DMG archive version, not the compressed TAR version.Click the Download button next to the version you choose.You  are prompted to sign up for an Oracle Web Account, but unless you want one, click No thanks, just start my download.In your downloads folder, find and double-click the file icon to mount the .dmg archive, which contains the installer.Double-click the icon for the MySQL package installer.Read the opening dialog screen and click Continue to begin the installation.Read the license terms. Click Continue and then Agree to continue.Click Install.  Record the temporary password that displays during the installation process. This password cannot be recovered. You must save it. After you log in to MySQL, you are prompted to create a new password.Press Close on the Summary screen to complete the installation. The MySQL webpage contains documentation, instructions and change history for the software.   How to Start My SQL on a Mac The MySQL server is installed on the Mac, but it does not load by default. Start MySQL by clicking Start using the MySQL Preference Pane, which was installed during the default installation. You can configure MySQL to automatically start when you turn on your computer using the MySQL Preference Pane.

WE 1 CRJ 545 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WE 1 CRJ 545 - Research Paper Example Investigation of death is a crucial component in American criminal justice system, which is based on the concept that no innocent person should be punished. Especially in the case of homicides, it is imperative to determine the cause of death so as to rule out natural or accidental death and to confirm the mode of death in order to conduct further investigations. Cause of death can be defined as a disease or an injury that has triggered the â€Å"train of morbid events† that have led directly to the demise or the circumstances or actions that directly contributed to the injury, leading to the death (Medical Examiners’ and Coroners’ Handbook, 2003, p.11). Usually, the medical examiner or coroner is the official who owes the responsibility to determine the â€Å"cause, circumstances and manner† of an individual’s death so as confirm whether the event has occurred as the result of an accident, injury or any foul play (The Office of the Coroner, 2007, p .1). Coroners function as independent investigators but often they will have to work with the â€Å"law enforcement† officers, medical professionals and other service providers (p.1). The determination of the precise cause of death plays a critical role in all homicide investigations as well in the allocation of public funds, insurance etc and, therefore, the persons responsible for the medical examination need to determine it accurately. Conducting of an autopsy is a significant process involved in the determination of the cause of death in all cases. The procedure of autopsy encompasses the medical examination of a dead individual’s body, which is usually carried out by a medical practitioner who is specially trained for the purpose. Autopsies are normally conducted for both â€Å"clinical† and â€Å"medico-legal† purposes (Kotabagi, Charati & Jayachandar, 2004, p.258). The main objective of clinical autopsy

Video project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video project - Assignment Example In this context, spectrum health involves itself with the community by creating direct contact and addresses their concerns in the manner that is best suited for them. The company involvement with the affairs of the community enables the community to appreciate its existence while the company can know the needs of the community health wise and address them in future community focused programs. The video illustrates the assigned course very well as it clearly shows the innovative manner a company or organisation can be involved in the community around it especially making the programs community friendly through participation. In this case, it is initially all about the social parties rather than what the organisation derives from it. The company does not engage mainly to rip benefits but it stands to ultimately benefit from its involvements through several avenues. The proceedings in the video provided bear a relation with what was discussed in class. One notable element relates to how corporate social responsibility in modern days functions. It is notable that the organisation Spectrum health stands to gain from its involvement with the community. Through corporate social responsibility, it is building reputation which in line translates to a better image. Demand for its health insurance services are likely to go up because it identifies with people surrounding its basic operations. According to the iron law of responsibility, those organisations that do no appeal to the society through usage of their power loses it. From the video, it is evident that Spectrum Health’s goal is to use their influence and contribute positively to the society. Essentially, their goal with coming up with the project is to make a positive impact which they achieve. The actions of the organisations contain some present forms of corporate social responsibilit y. There is the citizen ship approach- they do it out of obligation and accountability, they are also focused on the

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Gender |Not good enough (women) |Too controlling (Men) |Lazy workers (Women) | |Age |Lacks concentration and focus |Lacks professionalism (younger) |Want more money for less work just| | |(younger) | |because of their age. (older) | |Race | Criminals |Lacks education |Doesn’t work hard but gets more | | | | |money. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? There are a few positive aspects of stereotypes. Positive ones are not the ones that come to our head first. Positive aspects of stereotypes include thoughts of a boss when interviewing a potential candidate for a position. For example, an article by Shelly Barclay on life123. com gives ways that positive aspects are used even though we don’t quite see when we use them. She stated that â€Å"Asians are good at math† In my high school days I learned that this was true. I had Asian friends that would help me with my math all the time. This can definitely benefit an Asian for a great job opportunity. (Barclay, 2013) What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes could affect you because you could be wrong in certain situations. Majority of the time we are. One stereotype for African Americans is that they are all trouble and the black men are mostly criminals. This isn’t true, but it is a popular stereotype for African Americans. We as humans tend to let the words that have been â€Å"put into our heads† slowly become facts. Negative stereotypes can cause you to miss out on making a good friend or even a good business decision. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. According to the online dictionary, (thefreedictionary.com) prejudice means an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. An example of the famous quote â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † Being prejudice is having a negative attitude towards an entire group of people according to the text in chapter 2 of the EBook. (Company, 2000) Stereotyping is basically just your personal opinion on someone or something based off just want you believe. This can be towards race, gender, age, ethnicity, and religion. For example, people say â€Å"blondes are stupid† this isn’t true. It’s just another way of people separating types of women. Another example for stereotypes is when people say â€Å"Americans are friendly† this is a nice stereotype, and then again it’s not a true for all. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The similarities between stereotyping and prejudice is that they are both personal opinions of what you may think of someone by race, religion, age, gender, ethnicity, and even a disability. They are not known facts or proven statements. They are both things that you do or say to judge a person or put them into â€Å"groups† in your mind. Being prejudice is just a lot worse than developing a stereotype towards people. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? I’m not sure if much can be done at all, but just starting to talk differently and keeping personal opinions to ourselves. We need to start by teaching our children the positive ways of life and not to judge people. We should tell teach them to love everyone and pray for our future. Basically, just become a positive example for the younger generation so that they will pick up what’s positive and let go of the entire negative ways slowly, but surely.

The Consequence of Marriage Essay -- Theatre, Shakespeare

The Consequence of Marriage William Shakespeare has always been an avid supporter of love as the basis of marriage. Nearly all of his plays support that: Romeo & Juliet, Much Ado about Nothing, and even more notably, A Mid Summer’s Nights Dream. Bernard Murstein noted in his book, Love, Sex and Marriage Through the ages, that â€Å"the young should marry whom they choose and that they not bow to parental wishes† (181). Shakespeare’s tragic Othello reminds that parents are there to guide their children onto the right path towards a brighter future, and is a cautionary tale about the potential implications of a quick or thoughtless marriage that generally end his plays. The ramifications of a marriage outside of social rank and race along with the general social consequences are highlighted to show that marriage is more than just an â€Å"I do† at the altar, and is to be avoided. When viewing Shakespeare’s plays in the context of the time period it is obvious that Shakespeare was more than a storyteller. His commentary was directed at the upper tier of society and addressed the need for convention to be followed. At the same time, he had to be sure that his commentary was acceptable or subtle enough so as not to offend his sponsors. In some of Shakespeare’s better known plays, he teaches that the course of true love never runs smooth, and marriages should not be expected to run smoothly either. Societal expectations of the time were that a woman would marry whomever the male head of the household chose for her. Men, on the other hand, were free to pursue anyone they wanted and arrange their own marriages, with an eye to strategic coupling of social status and finances (Gies 256). Romeo and Juliet showed the importance of parental approval ... ...ve for Desdemona is easily corrupt due to his own insecurities, and in the end, Othello’s demise is no fault but his own. He is the man and could have said no to Desdemona’s proposal of marriage, and prevented the entire debacle. The self sacrifice that he made would have mirrored the sacrifice that Elizabeth made to keep the peace in her country and build it to one of the greatest nations the world has seen. Works Cited Crowther, John, ed. â€Å"No Fear A Midsummer Night’s Dream.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. Crowther, John, ed. â€Å"No Fear Much Ado About Nothing.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Print. Murstein, Bernard I. Love, Sex, and Marriage through the Ages. New York: Springer Pub., 1974. Print. The Consequence of Marriage Essay -- Theatre, Shakespeare The Consequence of Marriage William Shakespeare has always been an avid supporter of love as the basis of marriage. Nearly all of his plays support that: Romeo & Juliet, Much Ado about Nothing, and even more notably, A Mid Summer’s Nights Dream. Bernard Murstein noted in his book, Love, Sex and Marriage Through the ages, that â€Å"the young should marry whom they choose and that they not bow to parental wishes† (181). Shakespeare’s tragic Othello reminds that parents are there to guide their children onto the right path towards a brighter future, and is a cautionary tale about the potential implications of a quick or thoughtless marriage that generally end his plays. The ramifications of a marriage outside of social rank and race along with the general social consequences are highlighted to show that marriage is more than just an â€Å"I do† at the altar, and is to be avoided. When viewing Shakespeare’s plays in the context of the time period it is obvious that Shakespeare was more than a storyteller. His commentary was directed at the upper tier of society and addressed the need for convention to be followed. At the same time, he had to be sure that his commentary was acceptable or subtle enough so as not to offend his sponsors. In some of Shakespeare’s better known plays, he teaches that the course of true love never runs smooth, and marriages should not be expected to run smoothly either. Societal expectations of the time were that a woman would marry whomever the male head of the household chose for her. Men, on the other hand, were free to pursue anyone they wanted and arrange their own marriages, with an eye to strategic coupling of social status and finances (Gies 256). Romeo and Juliet showed the importance of parental approval ... ...ve for Desdemona is easily corrupt due to his own insecurities, and in the end, Othello’s demise is no fault but his own. He is the man and could have said no to Desdemona’s proposal of marriage, and prevented the entire debacle. The self sacrifice that he made would have mirrored the sacrifice that Elizabeth made to keep the peace in her country and build it to one of the greatest nations the world has seen. Works Cited Crowther, John, ed. â€Å"No Fear A Midsummer Night’s Dream.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. Crowther, John, ed. â€Å"No Fear Much Ado About Nothing.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Print. Murstein, Bernard I. Love, Sex, and Marriage through the Ages. New York: Springer Pub., 1974. Print.

Economics Essay

And economy is a system that deals with human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area. Lionel Robbins defined economics as â€Å"the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. † (Robbins L. 1932) Economics is based on the principle of scarcity of resources to satisfy human wants. As the resources to cater for the various human needs are limited, consumers have to make choices. Scarcity of resources creates an economic problem that the economic systems try to solve. Economics uses different techniques, tools and theories to carry out analysis and to explain various actions and behaviors in the economic systems. Economics may be studied in various fields including environmental economics, financial economics, game theory, information economics, industrial organization, labor economics, international economics, managerial economics and public finance. The two main areas of economics are macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate national economy of a country while the microeconomics deals with the economics of an individual firm or person and their interactions in the market, given scarcity of resources and regulations by the government. Micro-economics is much concerned with the behaviors of individuals and firms in an industry and how these behaviors affect supply and demand of goods and services. These behaviors also affect the prices charged to the goods and services. Supply and demand are affected by the prices while price is affected by supply and demand. Hence these three aspects have to balance at certain equilibrium. At this point, the price charged to the goods and services will attain equilibrium between supply and demand of the goods and services. The theory of Demand and supply is one of the fundamental theories in microeconomics. This theory explains the relationship between price of goods and services in relation to the quality sold. It also explains the various related changes that occur in the market. The theory of demand and supply helps in the determination of prices of commodities in a competitive market environment. Demand of a commodity is the amount of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price. Besides the price demand of a commodity is affected by other factors such as the income of the consumer and tastes and preferences. The demand theory suggests that consumer are rational in choosing the quality of a product that they will consume at a certain price and also considering other factors like their income and tastes. Most of the time, the consumption of goods and services by these customers is constrained by their income. As consumer seek to maximize the utility they obtain from a certain good or service, their income will act as a limiting factor. Thus the demand of a commodity depends on the purchasing power of the consumers. The purchasing power is determined by the amount of income the consumer gets. At a fixed income the demand of consumers will be determined by the price of the commodities. The law of demand suggests that demand and price of a commodity are inversely related. The higher the price of a commodity, the lower the demand of that commodity. When the price of commodity rises consumers will demand less of that good. This is because their purchasing power decreased. This is called the income effect. Increase in the price of a commodity will also result to the customers changing their consumption of the commodity preferring other less expensive commodities. This is called the substitution effect. The demand of the planes I sell will depend on their price and other factors such as tastes and preferences of the various customers in different parts of my market. However their demand will also be constrained by their level of income. If I increase the price of the planes my customers will demand fewer quantities due to income effect. Some other customers may change to other similar products thus causing substitution effect. When the income of the consumer changes, his consumption of the commodity will not move along the same demand curve, his demand curve will shift in proportion to his change of income. If the income increases the demand curve will shift outwards for a normal good. This means that at a certain price the consumer will now consume more goods than he could with his earlier income. If the income decreases the demand curve will shift inwards and the consumer will demand fewer quantities of commodities at a certain price. Supply is the quantity of a commodity that suppliers are able and willing to bring to the market at a certain price. Producers seek to maximize their profits and so will bring to the market quantities of commodity that will result to highest profits. The quantity of goods and services supplied depend on the prices of those commodities. Supply and price of commodities are directly proportional. This means the higher the price of the good at the market the higher the quantity supplied. For the prices of a commodity to be stable, the quantities of the commodity demanded must be equal to the quantity supplied. When demand and supply are equal on equilibrium in price is attained. The equilibrium price is that which results to equal quantities of demand and supply. When the price of a commodity is higher than the equilibrium the quantity demanded will be lower than the quantity supplied. There will be excess quantities in t he market. The price will have to come down until the excess quantities are eliminated. IN the same way if the price is lower than equilibrium the quantities demanded will be higher than quantities supplied and hence the price will have to be increased until the demand equates supply. The demand and supply theory is used to determine prices in perfectly competitive markets. Price is the value paid by the consumers for the utility they receive from a commodity. The price of a commodity affects the demand, supply and the quantities of the commodity sold in the market. The market price of a commodity is the intervention between marginal utility of the consumer and the marginal cost of the supplier. The equilibrium price is the point where these marginal utility and marginal costs equate. Elasticity measures the changes of one thing in relation to another. Elasticity of demand is the rate of change of quantity demanded of a commodity for a particular change in the price of the commodity. Different commodities will change different for the same change in their prices. For example two products may have the same price and the same demand but different elasticities, meaning when their prices change by one unit, their demand will change with different quantities. The commodity with higher demand elasticity will have a greater change in demand for the same change of price than a product with a lower elasticity. This can also happen in the case of supply resulting to price elasticity of supply. Both price elasticity of Demand and price elasticity of supply are the two types of price elasticities. Another form of elasticity is income elasticity of demand which measures the rate of change of demand in relation to change in income (Nelson, Salzmann). If the price elasticity of supply of my panels is high, then a little change in the price will greatly affect the quantity of panels the suppliers will bring to the market. On the other had if the price elasticity of demand of the panels in my market is high, my varying of the prices at which I sell the panels will greatly affect their demand. Monopolies are whereby one firm controls the whole market or a big percentage of the market of a commodity. When a firm have monopoly over a commodity the operations of the market as in a perfectly competitive market will not be possible. The monopoly will set its own prices whether they lead to equilibrium of demand and supply or not. Unless the monopoly is highly regulated the monopoly can manipulate the market by unfair practices like hoarding and price hikes. If I have a monopoly on the sale of the panels in my markets, I will have the liberty to set any price as far as it gives me maximum profits in disregard of the needs of the consumers. However, if there is only one source of the panels then I will have to accept any price the supplier determines. Monopoly is one cause of market imperfections. Market imperfection is where by the market systems are inhibited from operating normally as in a perfectly competitive market. Other causes of market imperfection are externalities, public goods, uncertainties and extreme interference in the economy by the government. Market imperfection can lead to market failure. Macro economics deals with performance of the national economy as a whole. It describes the behavior and structure of the economy using indication such as GDP, unemployment rates and price index (Mark Blaug 1985). Gross Domestic product â€Å"is the sum of the market values or prices f all final goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time† according to Sparknotes (http://www. sparknotes. com/economics/macros/measuring1/section1. html). Gross domestic product (GDP) is calculated by summing all the private consumption in the economy, investment by business or households, government expenditure and the net of exports and imports. The formula GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) is used where C is private consumption, I is investment, G is government expenditure and X is gross exports and M is gross imports (Sparknotes). Unemployment is whereby a person who is willing and able to work has no work (Burda, Wyplosz 1997), Unemployment rates show the performance of the economy as a whole. Unemployment is caused by different reasons. Unemployment rate can be calculated by dividing the number of unemployed workers by the total labor force. Philips curve was a theory that suggested that unemployment reduce inflation stating that unemployment reduces inflation stating that unemployment was inversely related to inflation. Inflation is the percentage rate of change of a price index (Burda, Wyplosz 1997). Inflation leads to general increase in the prices of gods in t he economy. Inflation affects the value of money in that it makes the purchasing power decrease. There are several theories used to explain practices in macro economics. The quantity theory of money is one of these theories that give the equation of change. It explains the relationship between overall prices and the quantity of money. The equation of change is given as M. V= P. Q where M is the total amount of money in circulation on average in an economy. V is the velocity of money P is price level Q is Index of expenditures. There have been different approaches to economics. These approaches differ on their view on certain aspects of economics. Some of the approaches that are there include Keynesian, monetarists, neo classical and the new classical. These different approaches led to up come of different schools of thoughts according to the inclination in the approach. However new developments have been advanced leading to acceptance of some of the aspects that had been disputed before by some approaches. Keynesian economics supported the use of policies to control the economy. The argument was that to reduce fluctuations the government had to base on actions (fiscal or monetary policy) on the prevailing conditions of the economy. The new Keynesian economics tried to provide microeconomic to the older Keynesian economics Monetarism was against fiscal policy as it has a negative effect on the private sector Monetarists argued that government intervention through fiscal policy could lead to crowding out o f monetary policies rules (Mark B. 1985). Fiscal policy is government intervention in the economic operations aimed at bringing stability of affecting certain changes in the economic environment. Fiscal policies are carried out though control of the government spending in the economy and use tax charged Fiscal policies are aimed at influencing the level of economic activities in the economy resource allocation and income distribution. The two tools, that is, Government spending and taxation is used differently to achieve different results. Incases of recession expansion fiscal policies are utilized. In this case the government increases its spending in the economy and reduces taxation. Contractionary fiscal policies are utilized by reducing government expenditure or spending in the economy and increasing tax charged. Contractionary fiscal policies can be used when there are high rates of inflation. Monetary policies are a form of intervention of the government into economic operation through interest rates so as to control the amount of money in circulation. Expansionary monetary policy is applied during recession to increase the amount of money in circulation. Expansionary policy can also be used to curb unemployment in this case interest rates are lowered hence encouraging circulation of money. Contractionary monetary policies are applied by increasing the rate of interest rates in order to reduce the rate of money in circulation in the economy. Contractionary monetary policy can be utilized during high rates of inflation. Economic growth can be achieved by leaving the competitive market conditions to prevail. However the government should intervene where the market is so unstable so that to bring regulation aimed at attaining optimum operation in the economy.

NSA: National Security or National Stalkers? Essay

In 2010, it became legal for the National Security Agency (NSA) to access private email logs, social media accounts and other internet databases (Risen & Poitras, â€Å"N.S.A. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens). Risen and Poitras (2013) explain that the intention of this change was to help protect the United States (U.S.) from future terrorist attacks and was for the general purpose of national safety. It is unclear how many terrorist attacks all of this new intelligence has actually prevented, however, it is very clear that the NSA’s actions are violating the privacy of not only American citizens, but everyone who lives on American soil. With the internet as a resource, this means that they can not only listen in to conversations, but access virtually any data that is entered via the internet. This includes credit card numbers, GPS coordinates, flight destinations, contact information for family members, personal pictures and much more. The NSA not only vio lates the constitutional rights of American citizens, it puts everyone in the country at great personal risk for crimes such as fraud and discrimination. One of the greatest issues with the access the NSA has is that it violates the constitutional privacy laws. The fourth amendment to the Bill of Rights, protects the American people â€Å"†¦against unreasonable searches†¦ but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription†). Risen and Poitras (2013) reveal that the NSA is not even required to check that the individuals they gather information about are foreigners or have anything to do with foreign relations. This extensive access to all personal data including bank accounts, GPS coordinates and insurance information is the definition of an unreasonable search without probable cause. Everyone’s information is collected and stored before there is any reason for the government to search for it. This is in direct violation of the people’s constitutional rights. Of further concern is the deceit with which the NSA continues to address its capabilities. â€Å"Jon Stewart Slams Obama’s Domestic Spying Program† explains that although President Obama claimed that emails and phone calls of the general public were not being tracked, it later became evident that this was not the case. It turns out that the internet has become just one more tool for the government to use to spy on its resi dents. Yet the lies divulged by the NSA demonstrate that not only are  Americans being spied on, they have no way of truly knowing which of their personal information is at risk. As a result, it becomes even more difficult to protect oneself from privacy breaches and indicates the NSA, itself, is not an entity that can be trusted. After all, if they are lying about what they are collecting, there is no way of guaranteeing that they are not also lying about other aspects of their operation, including the way in which the personal information is used. Those close to NSA staff members are particularly vulnerable to internet privacy violations. In â€Å"Jon Stewart Slams Obama’s Domestic Spying Program† a news clip shows that NSA workers have been known to use their capabilities to spy on their loved ones. Clearly the private internet information collected by the NSA can and is misused on a regular basis. According to â€Å"The NSA’s New Spy Facilities Are 7 Times Bigger than the Pentagon† the agency has thousands of employees who are apparently able to use their resources to spy on anyone they are personally interested in. This could lead to the destruction of personal relationships and very dangerous behavior such as stalking or even murder. Another large group of vulnerable individuals are those who bank online. Anyone who uses the internet to make purchases or even view their banking information becomes at an increased risk of fraud. Not only does the NSA have access to all of their information, the mere existence of it means that it can be hacked into or even leaked. Persons of all socioeconomic backgrounds are now vulnerable to theft of their hard earned money as a result of the NSA’s alleged attempt to prevent terrorism. Furthermore, the bank information can be used in such a way that it not only deplete funds, but permanently destroys credit backgrounds and entire identities. According to Risen and Poitras (2013) all foreigners are at a greater risk for being monitored online. This includes both groups that are legally and illegally present in the U.S. and even those who have obtained citizenship. Although the purpose of spying on foreign residents more heavily appears to address the need to prevent terrorism, many (if not most) of these individuals have done nothing to warrant a search of their virtual belongings. It is as if the NSA presumes that everyone could be guilty unless they are proven innoce nt, which is the exact opposite of the way in which the U.S. judicial court operates. In fact, such tactics are a blatant form of discrimination. Mental health patients are also at particular risk. Although their  information is supposed to be confidential and kept strictly between a patient and doctor, the NSA is able to view these communications when they occur online. Such access essentially vetoes the doctor-patient confidentiality agreement. A potential result is the decrease in trust within these delicate relationships and, furthermore, a decline in treatment success. Kaiser patients, for example, are able to email their doctors to access their services more quickly and conveniently. Since these emails can be viewed by the NSA, patients may resist using this valuable resource. Some patients may refrain from revealing information altogether, even via a face-to-face appointment, since medical records are now often published within internet systems for the purpose of more efficient care. Finally, innocent children are put at risk by the NSA’s monitoring of private internet information. Whether parents want to share photographs of their pride and joy with family or tweens are exploring their social relationships, the NSA is watching. For any parent is uncomfortable to think that a stranger, whether or not they work for the government, can view pictures or information about a child with the click of a button. This group may also be the least protected online because they may not know that their information can secretly be seen. Although parents can try to safeguard their youngsters from the general public via computer restrictions and monitoring, they cannot protect them from the capabilities of the NSA. In conclusion, the NSA may be causing more harm than good with their legalized privacy breaches. Everyone is at risk, whether they are aware of it or not. It appears that the potential harm to society is not being weighed properly against the desired gain. There is not denying that it is in the best interest of all American residents that terrorism be prevented, however, the current tactics being used seem inefficient and costly to our society. Innocent people are being persecuted while criminals find ways around this flawed system of spies. If the public is aware that they are being monitored, terrorists are aware as well. It would be in the best interest of the NSA to find alternate, and more sophisticated ways to identify potential hazards instead of surveying the entire U.S. population via the internet. In fact, it is likely that the dangerous persons we seek will be the first to remove relevant communications from the internet, given the circumstances. By creating paranoia and destroying the U.S. quality of  life, we may be creating exactly what terrorist parties are working to achieve. Works Cited â€Å"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription.† National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 31 Aug. 2014. . â€Å"The Constitution.† The Constitution. Web. 01 Sept. 2014. . â€Å"Jon Stewart Slams Obama’s Domestic Spying Program.† YouTube. YouTube. Web. 01 Sept. 2014. . â€Å"The NSA’s New Spy Facilities Are 7 Times Bigger Than the Pentagon.† Defense One. Web. 02 Sept. 2014. . Risen, James, and Laura Poitras. â€Å"N.S.A. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 28 Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Sept. 2014. .

buy custom The Real World of Technology essay

buy custom The Real World of Technology essay Advancement in technology has occurred in the recent decade n the field of communication. Today, when we speak of human communication, we refer to technological innovations like the radio, television, internet and many more forms of communication. Communication technology, therefore, refers to the use of electronic devices and systems to pass information from one place to another or from one person to another. Technology has shaped human life and has made life easier with the introduction of communication instruments that have made human life immensely convenient. Characteristics of Modern Communication Technology grows each passing day. Very many human activities are happening because of technology. Generally, technology has profoundly shaped mans life in the sense that it controls his social, political and economic organization. Due to this, there are significant changes that have occurred in mans life including an improvement in the standards of living. There are many changes that have occurred in technology that were not there before, for instance man is now able to use technology in structuring and ordering. It is now possible to carry out tasks efficiently within a short period. Population data have been made possible through invention of technology. It is becoming difficult for man to do anything without being noticed. It is true that technology is working to the advantage of humankind, but at the same time, his privacy has vastly been infringed. Apart from this, man is becoming lazy because technology can be used to perform different tasks. Since science became part of man, it has slowly by slowly grow t become the prerequisite to technology. The scientific inventions have contributed to the growth of the technological aspect of life. Technology is the practical aspect of science. Therefore, theory expressed in science is what technology has practiced through various methods that are discussed under the advancement of technology. The relationships of people, culture and economic activity are all components of globalization. Globalization is a primary contributor to the economic growth in almost all enterprises. Technology in its development and eventual success has undergone the procedures and activities that have been brought about by globalization. Social responsibility demands that every organization has a constraint of reaching out and benefiting the community. This is done in order to balance between economy and the environment. Technology has been seen to create a balance between the economic position of its obligation and the ethical perspective. Technology has ensured a balance between society and the domain to ensure equilibrium exists between the two. This responsibility has avoided harmful acts. The goals that technology has achieved so far are purely social and economic goals. The Social Media The role of the media has become one of the fundamental roles in any country that believes in communication as the best way of reaching out to one another. In the past, communication did exist. Nevertheless, the difference is the structure of the communication process. It was not easy to give feedback to anyone who passed a message. However, today, communication has been nourished with the advancement of technology. The social media has contributed almost one hundred percentt of the communication role in nearly all countries. Images have become the basic component of communication today. This was not the case in the past because it was not easy to get out to a mass at one given time. However, with the advancement, images have been digitalized and it is easy to pass information to anyone at any given time. The internet has interconnected the earth into a small village where information flows ion seconds (Berlo, 1960). This is through the various interconnections that precede the intro duction of the computer and mobile phone. People are able to pass information to one another in various ways by just a click of a mouse. The letter In the middle ages, also known as the medieval period, communication was by means of the written document, the letter. Messages were written in various ways and sent through human messengers to their destination. Doves and pigeons were also used to deliver letters to people. However, there were also smoke signals in the same period. However, the use of the letter dominated throughout the medieval period and led to the advancement of writing. Conclusion Communication has witnessed a variety of changes that have led to the development in know-how and the introduction of various ways of passing information to a large number of people. In the past, people relied on the use of personal messengers such as the letter. Today, communication has experienced a growth that has introduced the media and the internet. People are able to relay messages at any time and are delivered instantly. This has led to the improvement of standards of living and the total wellbeing of humanity. Buy custom The Real World of Technology essay

Why Therell Never Be a Perfect Time to Write

Why Therell Never Be a Perfect Time to Write Why There’ll Never Be a Perfect Time to Write Why There’ll Never Be a Perfect Time to Write By Ali Hale One day, you’re going to write that novel that’s been tugging at your sleeve. One day, you’re going to start posting regularly on your blog. One day, you’re going to finish that ebook you started. One day Trust me, I know how you feel. For years, I wanted to be a writer, but I didn’t actually write. I had lots of ideas and dreams, but they never made it out of my head and onto the page. Why? Because I was waiting for the perfect time. I thought that I’d suddenly, magically, find myself inspired. Great chunks of free time would materialise from nowhere, without any effort on my part. Guess what? It never happened. If you’re struggling to find the time (and energy) to sit down and write, then take heart. You’re not alone – in fact, â€Å"finding time to write† is the most common issue that I’m asked about when I’m coaching writers. Here’s why there’ll never be a perfect time: #1: Writing is a High-Resistance Activity I’ve been writing for a living for three years (I’ve completed a novel in that time too), and I still find myself reluctant to get going when I sit down to write. Writing isn’t easy. It takes mental energy – and often emotional energy, too. For most of us, the writing process is also a thinking process: for instance, if you’re putting together a â€Å"Hire Me† page for your blog, you’ll have to get completely clear about what exactly you offer, what you charge, and so on. There are an awful lot of activities that feel much easier than writing. Doing the housework. â€Å"Networking† on Twitter. Making a coffee. Sure, you’ll have the occasional day when you’re filled with inspiration and you can’t wait to get to the keyboard. But those days are pretty rare. #2: Writing Requires Concentration and Privacy Finding the perfect time to write isn’t the only issue at hand. You might also need to find a good place. It’s very tough to write if you’re sitting on a sofa with your laptop while the television’s on and housemates or family members are chatting. I personally find it almost impossible to write at all if anyone can see my screen (even if they’re not deliberately watching) – and I know that a lot of writers feel the same way. To feel secure enough to write, you need a certain amount of privacy. The perfect place isn’t going to appear from nowhere. You might hold out hopes for a magical day when your family do the chores, clear off to the park and leave you in peace to write but is that really going to happen? #3: Writing Is Important but (Usually) Not Urgent Your writing is important – even if no-one else seems to think so. If you get that novel finished, it could be the first step on a lucrative new career. If you write regularly on your blog, you’ll establish a strong online platform. And if you finish that ebook, you’ll have something to sell to your blog’s readers. Beyond that, your writing is important because it’s part of who you are. I’d hazard a guess that you’re happy when you manage to write – and dissatisfied when weeks or months go by without any writing. The problem is, â€Å"write novel† probably isn’t the most urgent thing on your to-do list. Less significant but more time-pressing tasks – like doing the chores, or fulfilling commitments that you’ve taken on – are pushing writing down and down the list. So What Can You Do? Stop waiting for the perfect time. Instead, make a commitment to find two hours during the next week when you can write. There are 168 hours in a week – you can take two of those to do something that really matters to you. Perhaps they won’t be the perfect time – but they’ll be far better than nothing. Good luck with your writing! Ali Hale is a writing coach and founder of our Freelance Writing Course. If you’d like some help finding time to write, she has a free mini-ebook How to Find Time For Your Writing, available when you join her newsletter list. (You’ll also get weekly writing tips and encouragement and occasional extra free ebooks – all straight to your inbox, all completely free.) You can find out more about the newsletter, and sign up, here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageWork of Art Titles8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Information Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems - Assignment Example In terms of the rest of the physical health, most of the tasks in offices and professional places are subject to computer use; therefore long durations in front of computer screens have been termed unsafe for health because it minimizes the physical labor to a great extent. The negative impact on environment is in terms of the electronic waste. Which contains all kinds of material, some of them are hazardous in nature as well. Power consumption is another factor termed as negative towards the environment (Neumann). The difference between the two types of I.S.Ps is the coverage provided and their capacities. The regional I.S.Ps are associated with usually a small scale area, and provide services in limited area, while National I.S.Ps as the name implies, provides services in metropolitans and facilities more number of customers. E-learning involves the use of various tools in form of softwares and applications that enable enhancing the communication. Web based trainings are usually used for the purpose of distant training to provide computer based trainings. Web based trainings utilize the feature of multimedia for fulfilling the purpose. Cache memory is part of the Ram memory, however the computer microprocessor or a general micro controller approaches it first than the Ram memory. Cache memory is usually very small in size. The cache memory is often segregated into levels namely L1 (level 1) and L2 (level 2). L2 is termed as cache of L1 cache, while L1 itself is directly accessed by the RAM (Clarke and Tetz). Memory cards are quite widely used and preferred because they are portable and attachable to almost every digital device. Within size of few inches, they allow capacity of couple of gigabytes within themselves, without the need of attaching it to any internal device or inside of the C.P.U. 5 types of memory cards are as follows: The purpose and advantage of automatic update is that usually the customers